Which are expected effects of cardiac glycosides? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased cardiac output
b. Decreased force of contraction
c. Decreased heart rate
d. Modulation of neurohormonal systems
e. Positive inotropic effects
ANS: C, D, E
Digoxin slows the heart rate, modulates the activity of neurohormonal systems, and increases the force of contraction. It does not decrease cardiac output or reduce the force of contraction.
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