Like most large public service agencies, innovation in policing requires:

a. having an inspired chief executive.
b. having a motivated and experienced level of middle managers.
c. first developing an Environmental Impact Statement.
d. both a and b.


d

Criminal Justice

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________ sentencing is a model of criminal punishment that includes determinate and commission-created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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Which of the following is not listed as an especially relevant factor when measuring the influence of deterrence on criminal behavior?

a. controlling for other predictors of crime b. longitudinal studies of crime c. family or societal reactions to punishment d. the experimental effect

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Which correctional practice prohibited inmates from talking to other inmates?

a. the silent system b. the congregate work system c. the lash d. the workshop system

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Which of the following was NOT used in Japanese judicial torture procedures?

a. Flogging b. “Hugging the stones” c. The “lobster” d. The suspension

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