Joan is intent on getting the City of Westview to build more bike lanes. She has written many letters to the local paper, been a guest on local radio talk shows, appeared numerous times before the city council, and even paid for a billboard urging her cause. One day a local radio station talk show host says that two years ago Joan ran her car into a bicyclist who was riding in a bike lane. Joan says the story is false and sues the station (and the show host) for libel. What level of fault will Joan have to prove, and why?
a. actual malice, because the majority of states require plaintiffs suing the press for libel to prove actual malice
b. negligence, because Joan is a private individual
c. negligence, because the libelous statement does not directly relate to the public controversy
d. actual malice, because Joan is a limited-purpose public figure as she voluntarily thrust herself into a public controversy
d. actual malice, because Joan is a limited-purpose public figure as she voluntarily thrust herself into a public controversy
You might also like to view...
Of the following statements, which best describes the idea of "empowerment?"
A. People have a heightened sense of powerfulness, self-determina¬tion, and confidence in their ability to perform a task. B. People who have power open possibilities and provid¬e pathways for other people to develop self-efficacy and confidence. C. People who are empowered take more and more responsibility for their own and their team's effectiveness. D. All of the above E. None of the above
In an acoustic guitar, most of the sound radiates from the bridge of the instrument
a. true b. false
Due to the formal and hierarchical nature of most organizations, it is generally expected that the flow of messages within the organization will be ___________
A. horizontal B. longitudinal C. vertical D. informal E. characterized by high fidelity
Although we can make some broad generalizations about particular cultures, it is important to remember that each individual is ______ when communicating with people from other cultures.
a. unique b. uncertain c. valid d. biased