The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of metastatic cancer with a pathogenic bone fracture. The nurse understands that this condition occurs by which mechanism?
A) Increased osteoblastic growth factors (ObGFs) results in a fragile bony structure.
B) Increased osteoclast activating factors (OcAFs) result in increased pressure in the bone, resulting in pathogenic fracture.
C) Pathogenic fractures occur by either increased pressure in the bone, or breakdown of the bony matrix.
D) Pathogenic fractures occur due to the breakdown of the bone network and loss of the bony matrix.
C) Pathogenic fractures occur by either increased pressure in the bone, or breakdown of the bony matrix.
Explanation: A) The same type of cancer can cause pathogenic fractures by different mechanisms. The two mechanisms by which pathogenic fractures occur involve increased osteoblastic growth factors (ObGFs) resulting in increased pressure in the bone, and increased osteoclast activating factors (OcAFs) resulting in loss of bony matrix and a fragile bone structure.
B) The same type of cancer can cause pathogenic fractures by different mechanisms. The two mechanisms by which pathogenic fractures occur involve increased osteoblastic growth factors (ObGFs) resulting in increased pressure in the bone, and increased osteoclast activating factors (OcAFs) resulting in loss of bony matrix and a fragile bone structure.
C) The same type of cancer can cause pathogenic fractures by different mechanisms. The two mechanisms by which pathogenic fractures occur involve increased osteoblastic growth factors (ObGFs) resulting in increased pressure in the bone, and increased osteoclast activating factors (OcAFs) resulting in loss of bony matrix and a fragile bone structure.
D) The same type of cancer can cause pathogenic fractures by different mechanisms. The two mechanisms by which pathogenic fractures occur involve increased osteoblastic growth factors (ObGFs) resulting in increased pressure in the bone, and increased osteoclast activating factors (OcAFs) resulting in loss of bony matrix and a fragile bone structure.
You might also like to view...
Which nursing theorist describes the nurse-patient relationship as interpersonal with a focus on compassion and empathy?
a. Kristen Swanson b. Jean Watson c. Madeleine Leininger d. Joyce Travelbee
Using Freud's personality theory, the nurse identifies the influence of the superego after observing a patient:
a. eating an entire chocolate pie. b. becoming anxious about having no visitors. c. monopolizing the attention of the physician. d. giving back a $5 bill that another patient left on the table.
Which is true of examination of the olfactory nerve?
A) It is not tested for laterality. B) The smell must be identified to declare a normal response. C) Abnormal responses may be seen in otherwise normal elderly. D) Allergies are unrelated to testing of this nerve.
The student nurse is learning about the functions of different antibodies. Which principles does the student learn? (Select all that apply.)
a. IgA is found in high concentrations in secretions from mucous membranes. b. IgD is present in the highest concentrations in mucous membranes. c. IgE is associated with antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. d. IgG comprises the majority of the circulating antibody population. e. IgM is the first antibody formed by a newly sensitized B cell.