Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

a. Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the negative connotations that punishment has.
b. Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students angry and defiant.
c. Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment often increases it.
d. Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.


d. Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.

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