Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Labeling theory holds that "deviance" is inherent in the act itself, rather than the reaction and label attached to the actor.
2. In his shaming theory, Braithwaite argues that increasing the stigmatization of offenders will be effective in deterring crime.
3. The liberation thesis claims that as women assumed more assertive poisitions in society,, they would participate in more previously “masculine” activities including crime; however, little support has been found.
4. A major premise of critical theory is that it emphasizes economic, racial, and sexual inequality.
5. Feminists criticize traditional criminology for its androcentric bias.


1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

Criminal Justice

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Marriage is regulated on a(n) ________ level, which confers state and federal rights and responsibilities on the married couple.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

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According to the text, how often does depression occur in female offenders?

a. Never b. Frequently c. Rarely d. Occasionally

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Explain how Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's strain theory, and assess whether this extension remained consistent with Merton's economic focus or not

What will be an ideal response?

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The broken-window phenomenon suggests that a. broken windows are a signal of community unrest

b. all buildings with broken windows that remain unrepaired will eventually become crack houses. c. disorder and crime thrive when it appears that "no one cares.". d. police should increase patrols in areas where there is substandard housing. e. none of these choices.

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