Explain this statement: Ethical concerns about the use of positive and negative reinforcement are similar and arise from the severity of the EO that occasions behavior maintained by a given consequence. Give a specific example for both positive and negative reinforcement in your explanation
What will be an ideal response?
This statement means that the ethical concerns about negative reinforcement are not unique to negative reinforcement. Similar concerns also exist for positive reinforcement. Specifically, in both cases, an establishing operation must be in effect to motivate a person to engage in a response that will produce reinforcement. The establishing operation for positive reinforcement involves depriving the individual of desired stimuli in order to motivate the individual to engage in a behavior that will produce that desired stimulus. For example, assume that the presentation of food is a positive reinforcer for saying, "Can I have something to eat?" In order to motivate a person to ask for food, he/she must be hungry and, therefore, deprived of food. For negative reinforcement, the establishing operation involves the presence of an aversive stimulus in order to motivate the individual to engage in a behavior that will terminate that stimulus. For example, assume that the termination of task demands is a negative reinforcer for saying, "Can I have a break, please?" In order to motivate the person to ask for a break, task demands
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Which of the following is the first stage of language development in children?
a. babbling b. crying c. word association d. single word utterances
P values in statistical analysis tell us that the researcher intends to:
A) control variables and equate groups B) replicate the study with larger samples C) code categories and create themes D) generalize and make inferences E) adjust the null hypothesis and test for interactions
Family systems theorists note that families face status change with the addition of a child. Family status changes include
a. physical and emotional space for children. b. regulating tasks including nurturing children and financial management. c. transforming relationships with one another and extended families. d. all of the above
Which of the following is one of the five standards of Authentic Learning?
a. Increasing visualization b. Substantive conversation c. Critical analysis of textbooks d. Expansion of homework activities