A worthwhile, conservative strategy for minimizing the possibility of invalid causal conclusions due to differential attrition is ______.
A. ensuring at the outset of the experiment that subject assignment is truly random
B. recruiting only subjects with stable residential histories and ongoing institutional ties
C. combining matching with randomization
D. basing the outcome analysis on comparing all subjects initially assigned to each condition
Answer: D
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The maiming or incapacitation of an individual to eliminate him or her as a threat and to deter other individuals. This serves which purpose of torture?
A. punishment B. discrimination C. coercion and deterrence D. confessions and intelligence
Bob turns 21 and goes out and buys his first six-pack of beer. The next week, the drinking age is raised to 22 and the sheriff arrests Bob for buying that six-pack. Bob is the victim of ________
A) the void-for-vagueness principle B) proximate cause C) an ex post facto law D) the principle of legality
What are the policy implications of the theories discussed in this chapter? What kinds of changes in society and in government policy might be based on the theories discussed here? Would they be likely to bring about a reduction in crime?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Near the end of the 1950s, the unfair and inequitable treatment of underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for many Americans. 2. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general. 3. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power. 4. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they lack one side of the square of crime. 5. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.