Please identify and define the four levels of measurement. In your answer please provide an example variable for each level of measurement.
What will be an ideal response?
A nominal measurement is involved whenever the values assigned to a variable represent only different categories or classifications for that variable. In such a case, no category is more or less than another category; they are simply different. An ordinal measurement assumes that a comparison can be made on which observations have more or less of a particular attribute. With an interval measurement the intervals between the categories or values assigned to the observations do have meaning. The value of a particular observation is important not just in terms of whether it is larger or smaller than another value (as in ordinal measures) but also in terms of how much larger or smaller it is. The final level of measurement is a ratio measurement. This type of measurement involves the full mathematical properties of numbers. That is, the values of the categories order the categories, tell something about the intervals between the categories, and state precisely the relative amounts of the variable that the categories represent. The students should also include an example of each level of measurement. Alternatively, this question could be rewritten as a short answer question by removing the requirement of providing an example of each level of measurement.
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______ is the idealized voting behavior, but ______ more realistically reflects how policy considerations influence voters’ decisions.
a. Swing voting; prospective voting b. Prospective voting; retrospective voting c. Prospective voting; swing voting d. Retrospective voting; prospective voting e. Front-loading; retrospective voting
Describe William Godwin's view of government in Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
a) The function of government is to promote justice. b) Government is responsible for ensuring freedom for business and commerce. c) Government is evil and we should tolerate it as little as possible. d) The job of government is to improve people's lives.
Which of these is an institutional explanation of the political stalemates that can paralyze the federal government?
a. The Constitution does not and cannot require public officials to keep the promises they make when running for office. b. The Framers of the Constitution had roughly the same set of political values despite their cultural and economic differences. c. The American system of government was modeled on the British system which was undergoing significant dysfunction at the time. d. It is possible for the president, the Senate majority, and the House majority to represent different ideologies because they are elected separately.
Identify a department of the federal government that existed in 1789.
A. The Department of Commerce B. The Department of the Interior C. The Department of Justice D. The Department of the Treasury E. The Department of Education