You hypothesize that the size of prey items that are provided as nuptial gifts by male hanging flies is under sexual selection under the direct benefit model. What additional observations would support your hypothesis?
a. The size of the prey item correlates with an increase in female fitness.
b. An increase in copulation time increases the number of sperm transferred.
c. An increase of copulation time increases the number of eggs fertilized.
d. The size of prey items does not affect female fitness, but the offspring of males providing larger prey items have a lower parasite load.
e. A, B, and C.
E
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Figure 34.1 (with insert from Figure 34.14)
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