Why do people smoke? Explain.
What will be an ideal response?
The answer should mention the following points:
Genetics seems to determine, in part, whether people will become smokers, how much they will smoke, and how easily they can quit. Genetics also influences how susceptible people are to the harmful effects of smoking. However, although genetics plays a role in smoking, most research suggests that environmental factors are the primary cause of the habit. Smoking at first may be seen as "cool" or sophisticated, as a rebellious act, or as facilitating calm performance in stressful situations. Greater exposure to smoking in media such as film also leads to a higher risk of becoming an established smoker. In addition, smoking a cigarette is sometimes viewed as a "rite of passage" for adolescents undertaken at the urging of friends and viewed as a sign of growing up. Ultimately, smoking becomes a habit. And it's an easy habit to pick up: Smoking even a single cigarette leads to a smoker finding that not smoking requires an effort or involves discomfort. Subsequently, people begin to label themselves smokers, and smoking becomes part of how they view themselves.
Moreover, they become dependent physiologically because nicotine, a primary ingredient of tobacco, is highly addictive. A complex relationship develops among smoking, nicotine levels, and a smoker's emotions in which a certain nicotine level becomes associated with a positive emotional state. As a result, people smoke in an effort to regulate both emotional states and nicotine levels in the blood.
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A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today, but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating
A. stereotypes. B. self-esteem. C. possible selves. D. personal constructs.
Studies of interactions involving toddlers indicate all of the following except
a. groups of unacquainted peers behave differently with one another than do groups of peers who are well acquainted b. toddlers who know each other well may exhibit unexpectedly advanced activities when playing together c. very young children should be credited with the capacity to form true friendships d. very young children's friendships are different from older children's friendships because they possess companionship but lack mutual affection and intimacy
The idea that situational variables are more important than personality variables in determining how people act is termed
a. environmentalism. b. interactionism. c. Mischelianism. d. situationism.
Conventions are norms that regulate how we conduct our everyday lives.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.