Which of the following best describes older students' views of the relationship between effort and ability?
a. They believe that effort and ability are essentially synonymous.
b. They believe that ability is alterable, and effort increases ability.
c. They believe that expending effort is an indicator of low ability.
d. They believe that high-ability students tend to be hard workers.
c
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Which one of the following statements best describes behaviorists' two-step theory of avoidance learning?
a. Avoidance of the aversive stimulus is negatively reinforced by the presence of the pre-aversive stimulus. b. Remaining in the situation is punished by the aversive stimulus; avoiding it is positively reinforced by the pre-aversive stimulus. c. Fear of the pre-aversive stimulus is classically conditioned, and escape from that stimulus is negatively reinforced. d. Escape responses occur prior to avoidance responses.
Focus lessons are __________
a. information taught through direct instruction to teach the crafts of writing b. a component of the brainstorming portion of writing workshop c. only taught when the teacher discovers that the students share the same writing problem d. the teacher's only opportunity to teach about the conventions of writing
_____ has influenced changes in teaching methods and curriculum.
a. Research in education b. Oral traditions c. Sizes of families d. Number of new schools
Which of the following is not a general item-writing rule for classroom assessments?
A. Do not provide unclear directions to students about how to respond to an assessment. B. Do not inform students about how much the items on a test will be weighted. C. Do not employ sentence-structures unlikely to be easily understood by students. D. Do not employ words, phrases, or sentences apt to be regarded as ambiguous to students.