If the research hypothesis is: Tangible reinforcement is more effective in promoting the learning of math concepts among kindergarten children than intangible reinforcement, the alternate hypothesis is
a. Tangible and intangible reinforcement are equally effective in promoting the learning of math concepts among kindergarten children.
b. Tangible reinforcement is less effective in promoting the learning of math concepts among kindergarten children than intangible reinforcement.
c. There is no significant difference in the effect of tangible and intangible reinforcement on the learning of math concepts among kindergarten children.
B
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Which of the following best illustrates qualitative differences in thinking?
a. Dennis used to be able to solve only one algebraic equation but can now solve two simultaneous algebraic equations. b. Jennifer used to think that food disappeared when we ate it but now knows that our body changes it through digestion. c. Ann used to be able to find the longitude and latitude of points only on a plane map, but she now can find longitudes and latitudes on a globe. d. Al knows that force is a push or a pull, so he now concludes that magnets exert a force on some metal objects even though the magnet isn't touching the object.
When planning for the use of portfolios, one major consideration is
a. whether selection-type items will be used b. the construct-related validity of portfolio entries c. the criteria used to score portfolio entries d. whether a table of specifications will be constructed
Standard deviation measures the ______ for a variable, standard error represents the ______ calculated from samples.
a. variability of statistics; variability of scores b. variability of scores; variability of statistics c. variability of scores; error of scores d. variability of statistics; error of scores
An English-language learner (ELL) recently dismissed from the English as a Second Language (ESL) program is now having difficulty in science. The student is proficient in everyday spoken English but has difficulty answering questions orally during class and responding in writing to test questions. Which of the following should the teacher do to best support the development of the student's academic language proficiency?
a. readmit the student to the ESL program b. scaffold instruction to support the student's comprehension c. talk to the student about the importance of studying d. lower achievement expectations for the student