A 34-year-old baseball pitcher complains of pain in the left shoulder, particularly with raising the left arm when attempting to pitch. Which of the following is a test used to diagnose rotator cuff injury?
A. Apley's test
B. Trousseau test
C. Hawkin's test
D. A and C
ANS: D
The rotator cuff consists of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor. Injury to the rotator cuff is typically due to chronic impingement with degenerative changes over time. The patient typically complains of anterior and lateral shoulder pain that increases with arm elevation and reaching overhead. The pain is usually progressive and may be associated with repetitive activities. Pain at night may cause sleep disturbance. ROM is typically preserved. Apley's (see Fig. 14.2) and Hawkins' (see Fig. 14.3) tests may reproduce the pain, depending on the component of the rotator cuff involved. There may be point or diffuse tenderness to the shoulder area. Crepitus and/or arm weakness suggest an acute tear.
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