Compare and contrast aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation in terms of purpose, pathways used, the final electron acceptor, amount of ATP produced, method of phosphorylation to produce ATP, the use of an electron
transport chain, the role of oxygen, and the end-products (other than ATP) which are produced.
What will be an ideal response?
Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation are all metabolic processes which organisms use to extract energy from nutrients and generate ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration use glycolysis, an intermediate step, the Krebs cycle, and an electron transport chain (respiratory chain). During both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation are used to generate ATP. In aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, a maximum of 38 ATP per glucose molecule can be generated, and carbon dioxide and water are the end-products. In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen, and a reduced end-product is made by adding electrons and protons to the final acceptor. Carbon dioxide is also an end-product. The amount of ATP produced varies from more than 2 to less than 38 depending upon the specific respiratory chain used. During fermentation, oxygen is not required and fermentation occurs when the organism does not have a respiratory chain or when an appropriate final electron acceptor is not available. Only the glycolysis pathway is operational, and the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, such as pyruvic acid or a derivative. Typical end-products of fermentation may include organic acids, alcohols, and gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Two ATP molecules are generated during the glycolysis pathway and fermentation does not add to that total.
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As a microbiologist you have been asked to investigate the regulation of a novel gene in a bacterial species. Given what is known about bacteria, the logical place to begin your investigation is
A. transcriptional regulation. B. translational regulation. C. alternative splicing regulation. D. regulation by enhancer elements. E. regulation by general transcription factors. Clarify Question · What is the key concept addressed by the question? · What type of thinking is required? · What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? Gather Content · What do you already know about gene regulation in bacteria? Consider Possibilities · Consider the different answer options. Which can you rule out? Choose Answer · Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? Reflect on Process · Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
What stage of translation occurs when ribosomal subunits and tRNAs converge on mRNA?
a. initiation b. elongation c. termination d. peptide bond formation e. elongation and peptide bond formation
The kidneys function to rid the body of
a. excess water. b. excess solutes. c. toxins and drugs. d. metabolic wastes. e. all of these
How does Helicobacter pylori cause gastric ulcers in humans?
A) It neutralizes the acids of the stomach.
B) It causes the production of excess acid in the stomach.
C) It damages the stomach's mucus coat.
D) It causes the stomach to produce stronger acids.