In each of the situations below, a student's behavior is affected by one of the following phenomena: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, vicarious reinforcement, or vicarious punishment. For each situation: (1 ) identify which one of the phenomena just listed is affecting the student's behavior, and (2 ) explain why you made the choice you did. a. Because John was caught
cheating on an exam, he was removed from the basketball team. John has stopped cheating on exams. b. Mary sees her friend Judy get special privileges when she talks very sweetly to the teacher. As a result, Mary begins to sweet-talk the teacher as well. c. Ralph brings his science project in a week late. The only reason he did his project at all is because he wanted his mother to stop nagging him about it.
What will be an ideal response?
a. This is punishment (more specifically, removal punishment). When a desirable state of affairs (being on the basketball team) is removed, John's cheating behavior diminishes.
b. This is vicarious reinforcement. Mary observes Judy being reinforced for sweet-talking, and her own sweet-talking behavior increases as a result.
c. This is negative reinforcement. Ralph's behavior (doing his science project) is reinforced by the cessation of something unpleasant (his mother's nagging).
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An employer will consider two basic questions. First, do you have the skills and experience required for the job? Second:
a. are your salary requirements within the company's guidelines? c. are you the type of person the company wants to employ? b. are your reasons for leaving your previous job valid? d. are you a quick learner or someone who requires retraining?
As a general rule, teachers should avoid prolonged direct eye contact with students
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
Causal comparative and experimental research both
a. examine differences between groups. b. manipulate the independent variable(s) in the study. c. assign participants to conditions. d. have the same ethical considerations when considering independent variables.
Which position regarding the use of intelligence scores is supported by your text author?
a) Intelligence should be measured and reported as a linguistic score and a mathematical score. b) Intelligence scores are basically invalid and should not be used for educational decision making. c) Teachers should be more concerned with students' actual performance than with their general intelligence. d) Knowing students' general intelligence scores can be helpful to teachers in planning lessons.