List and briefly describe five risk factors leading to osteoporosis.
What will be an ideal response?
History of osteoporotic fracture in a 1st-degree relative (i.e., parent or sibling)
Small, thin skeletal frame
Advancing age
Too little estrogen in women, caused by menopause, especially in Caucasian and Asian women
Amenorrhea (cessation of normal menstrual periods), indicating low estrogen
Oophorectomy (removal of ovaries), resulting in low estrogen
Smoking, which can have direct toxic effects on bone and impair absorption and metabolism of bone-forming nutrients; smokers also are likely to be less physically active
Low intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients
Excessive intake of coffee, cola, or other caffeinated beverages
Low physical activity
Three or more drinks (alcohol) per day
Presence of other diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, anorexia nervosa, type 1 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, or epilepsy) that can impair absorption, metabolism, and utilization of bone-forming nutrients; in some cases, nutrient excretion may be increased
Chronic use of some medications, including corticosteroids (used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases), anticonvulsants, and proton pump inhibitors (used to treat GERD, see Chapter 4)
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The first step in planning nutrition services for a new community health center should be to:
a. survey the area to determine what services are readily available b. establish goals and objectives for the services to be offered c. identify nutrition-related health problems in the community d. develop program protocols for client care
Impoverished children who live in developing countries have a high risk of dying from ________.
A. developing type 2 diabetes B. consuming too much fat and sugar C. vitamin A deficiency D. developing cystic fibrosis
A blood alcohol concentration above ________ will often result in death
A) 0.41 B) 0.31 C) 0.21 D) 0.11
The effects of malnutrition are most severe when malnutrition occurs while the brain is growing and developing
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false