Describe brain function during REM sleep
What will be an ideal response?
During REM sleep, activity increased in the pons (which triggers the onset of REM sleep) and the limbic system (which is important for emotional responses). Activity decreased in the primary visual cortex, the motor cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but increased in parts of the parietal and temporal cortex. REM sleep is associated with a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials known as PGO waves, for pons-geniculate-occipital. Waves of neural activity are detected first in the pons, shortly afterward in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and then in the occipital cortex.
REM sleep apparently depends on a relationship between the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine. Injections of the drug carbachol, which stimulates acetylcholine synapses, quickly move a sleeper into REM sleep. Note that acetylcholine is important for both wakefulness and REM sleep, states of brain arousal. Serotonin and norepinephrine interrupt REM sleep.
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Hidden realms of emotion, thought, and behavior may affect motives that drive us to act in certain ways. This is known as
a. unconscious motivation. b. defense mechanisms. c. psychic determinism. d. primary process.
Explain the effects of opiates. (Include information about drugs in this category, reasons why they are used, their effects, and the likelihood of addiction.)
What will be an ideal response?
Human sexual behavior is amazingly varied across cultures
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
One advantage of a formal observation, as compared to an informal observation, is that
a. formal observations are easier to make. b. formal observations rarely require the use of naturalistic settings. c. formal observations are more reliable due to the focus on behaviors that are both observable and measurable. d. formal observations give more information about an individual.