Describe the procedure of hemodialysis.
What will be an ideal response?
Since dialysis therapy requires access to the circulatory system, patients receiving hemodialysis need to undergo a procedure that allows continual access to the bloodstream. Dialysis access is usually a permanent access site called an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), created surgically by fashioning in the forearm a subcutaneous joining of the radial artery and the cephalic vein or a tunneled catheter. If the patient's veins are not adequate for this procedure, an arteriovenous graft (AVG) can be created with a catheter. The AV fistula requires 4–6 weeks to become fully functional. A subclavian port is used temporarily if HD is required before the AV fistula is ready for use.
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Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; _____ raises blood calcium and _____ lowers blood calcium.
a. calcitonin; aldosterone b. calcitonin; parathyroid hormone c. parathyroid hormone; calcitonin d. thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin
Family history is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus, but family history is not a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
a. true b. false
Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in
A) acting as an antioxidant and scavenging free radicals. B) preventing scurvy. C) maintaining healthy vision. D) protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from oxidation.
The sudden deaths that occur during fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting are thought to be due to heart failure caused by a loss of ____
a. potassium b. magnesium c. selenium d. chloride e. chromium