What are the steps in the writing process and how might these be best implemented in a program designed for struggling writers?
What will be an ideal response?
Steps in a writing program for struggling readers include the following:
•Prewriting: Writers select topics and plan their writing. Struggling readers often get bogged down in writing personal narratives and need to be guided to explore other topics of interest. They also need help with planning.
• Composing: Discouraged by past negative experiences, struggling readers may only write a few sentences. Emphasize the meaning of the piece rather than its surface features. Use discussions, conferences, prompts, and thinksheets to help them develop their topics more fully.
• Revising: Struggling writers may envision revision as meaning checking spelling and punctuation and creating a neat copy. Focus on one or two substantive areas for revision and model the process.
• Editing: Struggling writers may make a lot of errors. Focus on one or two of the most critical errors plus errors and corrections that have been introduced in the past. Encourage students to read their pieces out loud, or, better yet, have someone else read them out loud as they listen.
• Publishing: Publishing can provide practical motivation for students to put extra effort into their pieces. If a piece is to be published, help the writer correct all errors.
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Teachers tend to be more concerned with a student’s pattern of strengths and needs rather than how the student compares with his or her classmates
a. True b. False
Types of summative classroom-based assessments do not include:
a. traditional, written modes to gain information about learning b. alternative modes (i.e., verbal or physical modes) to gain information about learning c. standardized tests assessed outside of the classroom d. authentic modes (i.e., written, verbal, or physical modes) to gain information about learning
Advocates of single-sex education agree that
a. There are obvious cognitive reasons to uphold sex-segregated education. b. There may be social reasons to uphold sex-segregated education. c. Sex-segregated education would benefit girls who suffer from learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder. d. There is ample research evidence that sex-segregated education can remedy sexism.
Differentiate between formal and informal staff development.
What will be an ideal response?