Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment. Identify one potential source of confusion in these terms and explain why this understanding is incorrect

What will be an ideal response?


Either of the following is correct:
People often think that "negative" reinforcement is the opposite of "positive" reinforcement and, therefore, assume negative reinforcement means punishment. However, the terms "positive" and "negative" refer to the presentation and removal of stimuli rather than the "goodness" or "badness" of the stimulus.

People confuse negative reinforcement and punishment because they both involve the use of "aversive" stimuli. However, it is important to note that in negative reinforcement, the aversive stimulus is present prior to the occurrence of a target behavior (resulting in an increase in the behavior over time), whereas with punishment, the aversive stimulus follows the occurrence of a target behavior

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Define Piaget's concept of the morality of cooperation (or moral relativism)

What will be an ideal response?

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As intrusiveness intensifies, the Fourth Amendment standard approaches probable cause in public schools

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

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Breda is three years old and is not able to pronounce the "j" sound, so she asks for "duice" instead of "juice." Breda's mother is concerned and wonders if she should contact an SLP for help. Breda's mother should know that

A) Breda's speech is delayed, as the "j" sound is typically developed by age two. B) SLPs usually do not start working with children until they reach school age, around five years old. C) the "j" sound does not typically develop until four-years of age or later, so Breda's speech is normal at this point. D) she can avoid this problem by having Breda ask for "the fruit stuff" rather than trying to say the word "juice."

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Which of the following terms are least likely to be used to describe qualitative data?

A. nominal B. descriptive C. categorical D. numeric

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