Use a classroom example to illustrate the technique Skinner called shaping. Include a brief description of the learners and the setting. Specify:
1. the reinforcement used,
2. the target behavior,
3. what the learners are capable of at the outset, and
4. several responses that function as successive approximations to the desired behavior.
What will be an ideal response?
Examples of simple operant conditioning are not considered shaping. Shaping is useful when the response the teacher wants to reinforce does not exist. The approximations to the desired behavior identified, and reinforced by, the teacher, are critical to an example of shaping.
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Jason is a chronic talker in Mr. Ayala's class. Mr. Ayala gave him a referral to the office near the end of the class on Monday, and he gave him another yesterday (Wednesday) about halfway through the class. Jason begins talking at the beginning of the period today, and Mr. Ayala immediately gives him a referral and Jason leaves for the office. The best explanation for Mr. Ayala's behavior
(giving referrals) is: a. he is being negatively reinforced for giving referrals, since Jason is removed from the class. b. he is being punished, because Jason is no longer learning. c. he has developed giving referrals as a conditioned response. d. he is giving referrals because Jason's behavior is now extinct.
Children raised in bilingual households retain the ability to discriminate sound differences in L1 and L2, while monolingual children only retain this ability for L1
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
A normally distributed population of scores has a mean of 82 and a standard deviation of 11. All possible samples of 14 scores are drawn, with replacement, and the mean for each sample is calculated. The shape of the resulting sampling distribution of mean is
a. positively skewed. b. normal. c. more leptokurtic than the population. d. certainly not normal as the sample size was too small. e. One cannot tell without more information.
Which one of the following teaching strategies best reflects the textbook's definition of multicultural education?
A) Ensuring that all classes include students from diverse cultures B) Fostering ongoing communication (e.g., through "pen pal" letters or e-mail messages) with students from other countries C) Considering the perspectives of different cultural groups regularly throughout the school year D) Devoting at least one month of each school year to an intensive exploration of diverse cultures