Two lenses, the first with focal length 10.0 cm and the second with focal length -12.5 cm, are separated by 20.0 cm. An object, 2.40 cm tall, is 15.0 cm in front of the first lens. Where is the final image?
A. 20.0 cm after the second lens
B. 12.5 cm after the second lens
C. 5.60 cm after the second lens
D. 50.0 cm after the second lens
E. 100 cm after the second lens
D. 50.0 cm after the second lens
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A cylinder contains 23 moles of an ideal gas at a temperature of 300 K. The gas is compressed at constant pressure until the final volume equals 0.43 times the initial volume
The molar heat capacity at constant volume of the gas is 24.0 J/mol • K and the ideal gas constant is R = 8.314 J/mol ? K. The heat absorbed by the gas is closest to A) -130 kJ. B) -94 kJ. C) 130 kJ. D) 94 kJ. E) -33 kJ.
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An electric furnace is to be used for batch heating a certain material with specific heat of 670 J/(kg K) from 20 to 760°C. The material is placed on the furnace floor which is 2m x 4m in area as shown in the accompanying sketch. The side walls of the furnace are made of a refractory material. Parallel to the plane of the roof, but several inches below it, a grid of round resistor rods is installed. The resistors are 13 mm in diameter and are spaced 5 cm center to center. The resistor temperature is to be maintained at 1100°C, under these conditions the emissivity of the resistor surface is 0.6. If the top surface of the stock is assumed to have an emissivity of 0.9, estimate the time required for heating a 6 metric ton batch. External heat losses from the furnace may be neglected, the
temperature gradient through the stock can be considered negligibly small, and steady-state conditions can be assumed.
GIVEN
- Batch heating of material in the furnace shown above
- Specific heat of material (c) = 670 Jkg K
- Material temperatures
- Initial
- Final
- Furnace dimensions: 2 m x 4 m x 1.3 m high
- Side walls are refractory material
- Resistor rod diameter (Dr) = 13 mm = 0.013 m
- Resistor center to center distance (s) = 5 cm = 0.05 m
- Resistor temperature (T2) = 1100°C = 1373 K
- Emissivity of the resistor surface (?2) = 0.6
- Emissivity of the material surface (?1) = 0.9
- Mass of material (m) = 6 metric tons = 6000 kg
FIND
- The time required (t) for heating the 6 metric ton batch
ASSUMPTIONS
- Quasi-steady state conditions
- External heat losses are negligible
- Temperature gradient through the material is negligible (negligible internal thermal resistance)
- Material is gray
- Convective heat transfer is negligible
PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS
the Stephan-Boltzmann constant (?) = 5.67 x 10–8 W/(m2 K4