Explain the Potential Outcomes Framework and how it is used in an impact evaluation.
What will be an ideal response?
A framework for impact evaluation that has been developed and refined in recent years aids our understanding of that logic and helps us identify the assumptions needed to regard a program effect found in an impact evaluation as sound and convincing. This framework is known as the potential outcomes framework. The potential outcomes framework guides evaluators’ efforts to determine the effects of known causes, which must be distinguished from attempts to determine the causes of known effects. The social programs, policies, or interventions of interest for impact evaluation are the known causes in this formulation and the job of the evaluator is to determine their effects on the targeted outcomes. Attempting to determine the causes of known effects, by contrast, requires a backwards look from outcomes to identify what produced them.
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"Regression artifact" refers to the mathematical fact that
a. people who score above average on pretests tend to have lower scores on posttests, and those who score below average on pretests tend to increase their scores on posttests. b. any participant's score on a pretest can be expected to be lower on a posttest, because of the "law of averages." c. participants who have extreme scores, high or low, on a pretest tend to have posttest scores that are even more extreme. d. posttests are often unnecessary, since they tend to give, on average, the same results as those obtained on pretests.
According to Karl Marx, ______.
A. social revolution led by the bourgeoisie is inevitable B. social revolution led by the proletariat is inevitable C. social revolution led by the peasants is inevitable D. social revolution led by the fascists is inevitable
In the United States, women were granted the right to vote by __________.
A. the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution B. the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution C. a law passed by the Texas legislature D. an amendment to the Texas Constitution of 1876
What caused the power of patronage to decline?
a. opposition to patronage by constituents b. civil service reform in the late nineteenth century c. exposes in the press about unqualified appointees d. the progressive movement