Contracts with bondholders, other lenders, and preferred shareholders often limit dividend payments and thereby compel the retention of earnings. Which of the following is/are true?

a. A bond contract may require that total liabilities not exceed the total amount of shareholders' equity.
b. A bond contract may require that firms retire debt "out of earnings.".
c. A bond contract's provisions may involves curtailing dividends so that the necessary debt service payments, plus any dividends, do not exceed the amount of earnings for the period.
d. Financial statement notes must disclose significant limitations on dividend declarations.
e. all of the above


E

Business

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