Question

A) Obesity
B) Smoking
C) Hyperlipidemia
D) Sedentary lifestyle

Answer 1

B) Smoking

Explanation: B) While all answer choices represent modifiable risk factors for cardiac disease and general health, smoking and exposure to toxic chemicals are the most important modifiable risk factors in the development of bladder cancer. Smoking has been shown to be the greatest contributor to this disease and education on the prevention of bladder cancer must stress the importance of smoking cessation.

Answer 2

False

Answer 3

Normally, the spleen lies underneath the rib cage at the level of thoracic vertebrae 9 through 12 . When it is enlarged, as in infectious mononucleosis, the spleen extends below the ribs into the upper abdomen. Therefore, any contact sports that expose the upper abdomen to possible trauma may rupture the enlarged spleen.

Answer 4

D) "I have a new pair of sandals that I bought to wear this summer."

Explanation:  A) Patients who are at risk of excessive bleeding need to be educated about their condition and provided with instructions about preventing bleeding. These are commonly called bleeding precautions and include such recommendations as using a soft toothbrush, wearing shoes at all times, avoiding contact sports, and using stool softeners to prevent straining.
B) Patients who are at risk of excessive bleeding need to be educated about their condition and provided with instructions about preventing bleeding. These are commonly called bleeding precautions and include such recommendations as using a soft toothbrush, wearing shoes at all times, avoiding contact sports, and using stool softeners to prevent straining.
C) Patients who are at risk of excessive bleeding need to be educated about their condition and provided with instructions about preventing bleeding. These are commonly called bleeding precautions and include such recommendations as using a soft toothbrush, wearing shoes at all times, avoiding contact sports, and using stool softeners to prevent straining.
D) Patients who are at risk of excessive bleeding need to be educated about their condition and provided with instructions about preventing bleeding. These are commonly called bleeding precautions and include such recommendations as using a soft toothbrush, wearing shoes at all times, avoiding contact sports, and using stool softeners to prevent straining.

Answer 5

ANS: C
The myometrium, not the epithelial layer, is the thick, muscular middle layer. It is thickest at the fundus, apparently to facilitate birth. The endometrium is composed of a functional layer (super-ficial compact layer and spongy middle layer) and a basal layer. The perimetrium is the outer lay-er.

Answer 6

Ans:
A

Feedback:

During inflammation, leukocytes accumulate at the point of epithelial contact in the processes of margination, adhesion, and transmigration. This is not directly achieved by a way of increased leukocyte production or release, nor by osmotic pressure. The epithelium does not produce leukocyte stimulation factors.

Answer 7

Unexplained dyspnea, cough, or pleuritic chest pain in a predisposed patient

Answer 8

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 9

Ans:
B

Feedback:

Cortisol plays a central role in the normal functioning of the immune response and inflammation. Exophthalmos is associated with Graves disease, and secondary sex characteristics are functions of adrenal androgens. Potassium and sodium are regulated by mineralocorticoids.

Answer 10

ANS: B
Individuals with hypotonia tire easily (asthenia) or are weak. They may have difficulty rising from a sitting position, sitting down without using arm support, and walking up and down stairs, as well as an inability to stand on their toes. Individuals with Parkinson disease have rigidity and stiffness. Symptoms of Huntington disease include irregular, uncontrolled, and excessive move-ment. Paresis, or weakness, is partial paralysis with incomplete loss of muscle power.

Answer 11

C) he has reached the viral set point.

Explanation:  A) Primary HIV infection is a nonspecific, acute syndrome that occurs 2-4 weeks after viral infection and lasts for 1-2 weeks. Because an effective immune response has not yet been mounted, viral titers are typically very high.
B) Seroconversion occurs when neutralizing antibodies appear, generally within a few weeks to a few months after infection. The period between infection and the appearance of neutralizing antibodies is called the window period.
C) In untreated individuals, the viral load tends to stabilize approximately 6 months after infection. This stable viral load is known as the viral set point, and higher levels have been shown to correlate with rapid CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion and subsequent disease progression.
D) After the acute infection subsides, most individuals show no clinical manifestations of HIV infection for several years, even in the absence of treatment. However, during this prolonged asymptomatic period of chronic disease, HIV actively replicates, and there is an intense reduction in the half-life of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Answer 12

elevated blood lipids, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes

Answer 13

Highly refined, low-fiber diet predisposes to diverticula formation as this results in stools that are small and hard and require a higher intraluminal pressure for transmission across the length of the bowel. This high pressure causes the mucosa to protrude, forming outpouchings.

Answer 14

D) Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Explanation:  A) Lifestyle factors associated with atherosclerosis include smoking, hypertension, heart disease, high levels of cholesterol and LDLs, diabetes, obesity, advanced age, and physical inactivity. Most lifestyle risk factors may be controlled by healthy dietary habits, regular exercise, and proper medical management. These risk factors do not typically lead to severe cardiovascular disease this early in life. People with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia develop severe cardiovascular disease in childhood and often die by their mid-30s.
B) Lifestyle factors associated with atherosclerosis include smoking, hypertension, heart disease, high levels of cholesterol and LDLs, diabetes, obesity, advanced age, and physical inactivity. Most lifestyle risk factors may be controlled by healthy dietary habits, regular exercise, and proper medical management. These risk factors do not typically lead to severe cardiovascular disease this early in life. People with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia develop severe cardiovascular disease in childhood and often die by their mid-30s.
C) Lifestyle factors associated with atherosclerosis include smoking, hypertension, heart disease, high levels of cholesterol and LDLs, diabetes, obesity, advanced age, and physical inactivity. Most lifestyle risk factors may be controlled by healthy dietary habits, regular exercise, and proper medical management. These risk factors do not typically lead to severe cardiovascular disease this early in life. People with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia develop severe cardiovascular disease in childhood and often die by their mid-30s.
D) The genetic nature of atherosclerosis is evidenced by people who inherit familial hypercholesterolemia, a condition in which the blood contains extremely high levels of cholesterol. People with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia develop severe cardiovascular disease in childhood and often die by their mid-30s.

Answer 15

ANS: A
Both leukocytes and endothelial cells secrete substances that increase adhesion, or stickiness, causing the leukocytes to adhere more avidly to the endothelial cells in the walls of the capillaries and venules in a process called margination. Exudation is the process of pus formation and does not result in stickiness. Integration occurs in cells but is not a major function and does not lead to stickiness. Emigration is similar to diapedesis and is not associated with increased stickiness.

Answer 16

ANS: C
Microglia remove debris (phagocytosis) in the CNS. Astrocytes and ependymal cells are neu-roglial cells and do not have phagocytic properties. Schwann cells help form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Answer 17

C

Answer 18

ANS: B
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found in the lungs. Simple columnar epithelium is found from the stomach to the anus. Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the epiglot-tis, part of the pharynx, the anus, and the male urethra. Pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithe-lium is found in the lining of the large ducts of some glands (parotid, salivary), male urethra, res-piratory passages, and Eustachian tubes of the ears.

Answer 19

B

Answer 20

Ans:
A

Feedback:

Pharmacological treatment with antipsychotics is often helpful particularly with the positive s/s of schizophrenia (delusion, hallucinations, agitation, etc.). The negative s/s of schizophrenia respond more favorably to the atypical antipsychotic drugs. Often antipsychotics are combined with benzodiazepines or antiparkinson agents during the acute phase of treatment to reduce the risk of extrapyramidal effects from large doses of antipsychotic agents. Distracters B and C are prescribed for Alzheimer disease and D is used for alcohol addiction.

Answer 21

ANS: C
The brain receives approximately 20% of the cardiac output.

Answer 22

Ans:
C

Feedback:

Approximately 3 mL of semen is expressed with each ejaculate, and each milliliter is made up of about 100 million sperm. However, approximately 20% of the sperm in any ejaculate are not morphologically normal and about 25% are immobile.

Answer 23

When air flows into the pleural space where the lung or chest wall is punctured, the subatmospheric pressure that holds the lung in the expanded position is lost and the lung collapses because the elastic tissue within the lung contracts. This is pneumothorax. This condition may follow any type of lung injury or pulmonary disease that allows air to escape from the lungs into the pleural space. It may also occur as a result of a stab wound or some other penetrating injury to the chest wall that permits atmospheric air to enter the pleural space. Occasionally spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without apparent cause.

Answer 24

False

Answer 25

A) People should know their family health history.

Explanation:  A) Research substantiates the benefits of taking a family health history and the use of genetic and genomic tests to identify risk factors, diagnose disease, and guide the use of screening tests and treatment options.
B) Research substantiates the benefits of taking a family health history and the use of genetic and genomic tests to identify risk factors, diagnose disease, and guide the use of screening tests and treatment options. If a family history does not suggest the presence of genomic and genomic risk factors, genetic testing is not indicated.
C) Research substantiates the benefits of taking a family health history and the use of genetic and genomic tests to identify risk factors, diagnose disease, and guide the use of screening tests and treatment options. Having a risk factor for a disease does not mean that the person will develop the disease.
D) Although not all diseases have a genetic basis, genomics plays a role in 9 out of 10 of the leading causes of death, including heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Genomics also plays a role in a variety of neuromuscular, immune, vision, and hearing disorders.