a. injures the entire community, and the community rightly expresses its anger
toward the criminal.
b. is a result of genetic makeup, and thus the criminal is not responsible.
c. is caused by a flaw in the social system, and any anger should be directed toward
the correction of that system.
d. must be controlled by the society, but can legitimately be punished only by God.
e. should be dealt with through reform and rehabilitation, rather than punishment.