Early intervention systems are information management systems designed to monitor the performance of officers and identify those who show certain at-risk behaviors. Critical components of EIS include (1) the identification of at-risk performance indicators; (2) the threshold at which these indicators are deemed problematic; and (3) the nature of the intervention in which the at-risk officers participate. Each component of EIS has potential shortcomings, for example, none of the indicators used in EIS are valid or reliable indicators of misconduct; the thresholds used are arbitrary; and appropriate content for interventions is unclear. In addition, research on the effectiveness of EIS has been limited, and had mixed results, at best. Despite the lack of empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of EIS, many large departments still utilize them as a means of ensuring police integrity and accountability.