Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

Answers will vary depending on selection of the painting medium and artist.

Answer 2

D
 Nonaqueous paints, such as oil paints, contain no water and use oil (linseed, poppy seed, or walnut) as a binder instead.

Answer 3

A
 Glazes result from thin veils of translucent color applied over a layer of opaque paint.

Answer 4

Lippi worked in metalpoint creating drawings with fine, delicate lines and hatching and cross-hatching for modeled effects. Rembrandt used pen and ink to create varied gestural lines, resulting in drawings that included modeled and loosely sketched areas.

Answer 5

E
 Traditional metalpoint ground recipes call for a mixture of bone ash, glue, and white pigment in water. When the point of the metalpoint wire is drawn across this dried ground, it leaves behind a thin trail of metal particles that soon tarnish to a pale gray.

Answer 6

E
 Many types of surfaces have been used throughout history for drawing.

Answer 7

C
 Ofili used hard and soft pencils, which created a contrast of value effects in his artwork.

Answer 8

C
 Pigment is a coloring material made from various organic or chemical substances mixed with a binder to create a drawing or painting medium.

Answer 9

B
 Although the word paper is a derivative from the Latin papyrus, it is the Chinese who are credited with the invention.

Answer 10

B
 Preliminary sketches for paintings or sculptures are ideas that are quickly jotted down for later development. They can offer fascinating glimpses into the creative process.

Answer 11

Answers will vary, but the different ways can include: (1) visual unity, through use of shape, line, color, and so on; and (2) conceptual unity, through use of ideas.

Answer 12

Answers will vary. For the three works, students should identify the different ways rhythms stand out visually, and then discuss what the artists were trying to show through such uses of rhythms.

Answer 13

C
 The Modulor is based on two overlapping golden sections. The first extends from the feet to the top of the head; the second extends from the navel to the tip of an upraised hand.

Answer 14

E
 As evident in unfinished works, we can see that the ancient Egyptians started with grids with each palm of the hand occupying one square of the grid.

Answer 15

A
 Rhythm has a pattern, which comes from repetition.

Answer 16

B
 Composition is the organization of lines, shapes, colors, and other art elements in a work of art. More often applied to two-dimensional art; the broader term is design.

Answer 17

The element of motion includes actual movement, and when employed in a sculpture it is kinetic. Actual movement in sculpture creates an additional level to the viewer's experience.

Answer 18

Answers will vary depending on the artwork selections.

Answer 19

D
 We may speak of visual texture in a painting or drawing when markings our eyes associate with a texture are displayed.

Answer 20

A
 Foreshortening is a visual phenomenon that makes an elongated object projecting toward or away from the viewer shorter than it actually is, thereby creating the illusion of projecting into space.

Answer 21

A
 Primary colors are pure colors and create a secondary color when mixed together.

Answer 22

C
 Combined rainbow colors of light passed through a prism create white light.

Answer 23

Pharaohs constructed massive pyramids as tombs that were outfitted with everything they would need in the afterlife. The equestrian statue of Aurelius employs gestures and facial details that signify the royal status of the emperor. Both are intended to convey a sense of power and grandeur.

Answer 24

Responses will vary. From the earliest times art has played an important role in our relationship to the sacred, helping to envision it, honor it, and communicate with it.

Answer 25

A
 The Egyptian afterlife was fundamental to their belief system and was perceived as a perfect existence in an ideal Egypt.

Answer 26

B
 Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings and wear halos signifying their holiness.

Answer 27

Installation art uses a determined space for a work of art that can be experienced for a limited time. Walker's A Subtlety depended on the large space of the Domino Sugar Refinery in Brooklyn, New York to accommodate the scale of her work. Similarly, performance art depends on time, occurring in real time. Bueys's work depended on an audience being present at a particular time to experience his message and ritualistic actions.

Answer 28

Bourgeois was dissatisfied with official art education, which led to an exploration of alternate paths, most valuably a period of study with painter Fernand Léger. Her marriage to American art historian Robert Goldwater took her to America, where she found an atmosphere that allowed her to do as she wanted.

Answer 29

The two paintings explore form and content. They share the same subject matter (content) but are different in form (look). Music Lesson depicts a social setting in a relaxed representational style, whereas Piano Lesson is an abstracted composition with less focus on content and more on form.

Answer 30

Photography offered a mechanical way to record images. It allowed artists to abandon realism, leaving the depiction of reality to photography. Picasso recognized photography as the pivotal change in art making.

Answer 31

B
 Setting aside personal, practical stakes we might have in what we are viewing and taking pleasure in what we see is disinterested contemplation.

Answer 32

D
 New discoveries in methods to make optically convincing representations elevated painting, sculpture, and architecture to a higher status during the Renaissance.

Answer 33

B
 Representational art closely resembles the form it portrays; the subjects' contours and curves are portrayed accurately.

Answer 34

B
 During the Middle Ages, the formative period of European culture, art was used in roughly the same sense as craft. Both words had to do with skill in making something.

Answer 35

The text notes six social functions of art: create places for some human purpose; create extraordinary versions of ordinary objects; record and commemorate; give tangible form to the unknown; give tangible form to feelings and ideas; refresh our vision and help us see the world in new ways. Students should be specific in their explanations of each artwork and how it illustrates the particular function or purpose.

Answer 36

Objects in vanitas paintings represent a meditation on the "fleeting nature of earthly life and happiness." Vanitas paintings were popular in the 17th century and contemporary artists have become fascinated by the tradition.

Answer 37

C
 Some works of art become meaningful for a viewer; the viewer's own experiences, thoughts, and emotions find a place in them.