Question

a. naturalistic and assertive.
b. hieratic and naturalistic.
c. assertive and stylized.
d. stylized and miniature.
e. monumental and unassuming.

Answer 1

c

Answer 2

e

Answer 3

a

Answer 4

c

Answer 5

c

Answer 6

a

Answer 7

e

Answer 8

a

Answer 9

a

Answer 10

a

Answer 11

c

Answer 12

d

Answer 13

d

Answer 14

a

Answer 15

c

Answer 16

c

Answer 17

d

Answer 18

b

Answer 19

a

Answer 20

a

Answer 21

b

Answer 22

c

Answer 23

d

Answer 24

b

Answer 25

a

Answer 26

b

Answer 27

c

Answer 28

Answer: b

Answer 29

Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork/artists. Consider how the content of the artwork is conveyed through the presentation of the work and how the content is informed by the cultural or historical background or reference.

Answer 30

B

Answer 31

C

Answer 32

E
 Visual culture is a fluid concept embracing all human cultural products with a significant visual component.

Answer 33

B

Answer 34

C
 In 2011, during the early days of the Egyptian Revolution, Hammam went to Tahrir Square to photograph the arrival of the Egyptian army, which had been called in to guarantee order. As the protests continued under the protection of the army, Hammam photographed the soldiers in unguarded moments of daydreaming, vulnerability, flirtation, and kindness.

Answer 35

E
 The absence of knowledge regarding Hindu practices can hinder the viewer's ability to understand the true concept of Gupta's sculpture and performance.

Answer 36

E
 Although the artist began each painting from a photograph of a beautiful woman, it mutated into a grimacing monster, which de Kooning reports wasn't his goal at all.

Answer 37

D
 Gupta makes his flamboyant, entertaining art from the everyday objects of Indian culture, including stainless steel utensils, which are ubiquitous.

Answer 38

Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork. Artists associated with the feminist movement of the 1970s and the gay activisms of the 1980s were instrumental in opening the art world to works that addressed human difference and the many identities the American culture embraced. Kara Walker's art takes on the highly charged subject of racism in her installation Darkytown Rebellion. Consisting of large-scale silhouettes cut from heavy black paper and attached to a wall, the installation is made up of brief scenes of a series of vignettes. Stereotypes of master and slave come to life and begin to act out their true natures. In addressing the most highly charged issues, the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, David Wojnarowicz used the formal means of advertising to channel emotions from his personal experience in his silver gelatin print Untitled (Sometimes I come to hate people).

Answer 39

Viola's The Blessing makes use of a high-speed film camera. When footage shot at high speed is projected at a normal rate, it produces the illusion of perfectly smooth slow motion. Viola films an encounter between three women that, in real time, took 45 seconds. Projected in slow motion, it lasts for 10 minutes, allowing us to savor every detail. The Blessing recalls Renaissance works and religious subjects, such as the Visitation, but distances it from its specifically Christian model. With painterly lighting and slowed motion Viola lifts his scene out of the ordinary, suggesting that we are witnessing a sacred moment.

Answer 40

Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork. Consider Sherry Levine's Fountain, which refers to Marcel Duchamp's 1917 Fountain. Her piece is a gleaming bronze version and doesn't reference Duchamp's work in any way. She presents the work as her own, a Postmodern practice known as appropriation. During the 1980s a group known as the Neo-Expressionists recalled the sincerity and emotional intensity of the early 20th-century Expressionist movement. Cubist artists at the beginning of the 20th century imported words into art, and during the 1960s Conceptual art incorporated this concept using juxtaposed words and images in critical spirit, as in Kosuth's One and Three Chairs.

Answer 41

Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork. Artists to consider are Willem de Kooning, Alice Neel, and Jenny Saville.

Answer 42

Over the course of the 1970s, it became clear to many people that ideas about art that seemed to have been in place for much of the modern era were eroding and that something different was taking their place. This new climate of thought has come to be called Postmodernism. Architects, painters, and sculptors resurrected artistic traditions to expand on and reinterpret stylistically. Postmodern artists engaged in the practice of appropriation, or an artistic recycling of existing objects or images. A blurring of the lines between high and popular culture is another characteristic, in addition to an exploration of the method in which viewers derive meaning from the visual material or object.

Answer 43

C
 Postmodernism acknowledges that images circulate in such vast quantities through our society that they have become a kind of public resource that anyone can draw on.

Answer 44

E
 Happenings eliminated the art object, taking the form of staged events that were open to spontaneity and encouraged audience participation.

Answer 45

A
 Most critics have read Kiefer's work as a kind of exorcism, an attempt to drive out the evil spirits of Germany's past.

Answer 46

D
 The minimalist Donald Judd wrote, "The thing as a whole, its quality as a whole, is what's interesting."

Answer 47

E
 Bourgeois employs mixed media to create installations, which portray her potentially unsettling subject matter and topics.

Answer 48

D

The term was first used to describe architecture such as the Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture, one of the many buildings of the time that turned away from the International style.

Answer 49

The Dadaist with the most lasting impact on American art was Marcel Duchamp, whose "ready-mades" probed the border between art and life. A ready-made is a work of art that is not made but designated. Fountain, an inverted urinal, raised philosophical questions regarding the art object. Duchamp thought that art and life could regularly trade places. Boccioni belonged to a group of Italian artists, the Futurists, who decided that motion itself was the glory of the new 20th century, especially the motion of the new machines. These artists strove to reflect this feeling of motion into their art. Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space represents a striding human figure as the Futurists imagined it would be in the light of contemporary science: a field of energy interacting with everything around it. Sculpture must give life to objects by extending them in space and making them palpable, systematic, and plastic.

Answer 50

Romanticism was not so much a style as a set of attitudes and characteristic subjects. The 18th century is sometimes known as the Age of Reason for its leading thinkers placed their faith in rationality, skeptical questioning, and scientific inquiry. Rebelling against those ideas, Romanticism urged the claims of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and the imagination. Romantic artists gloried in mysterious or awe-inspiring landscapes, picturesque ruins, extreme events, and exotic cultures. Eugene Delacroix, the leading painter of the Romantic movement, was fascinated by the exotic cultures of North Africa and created numerous paintings depicting scenes that were part of this "Oriental" realm. The imagery and subject matter of Women of Algiers displayed this sensuous, seductive exoticism. Other paintings focused more on barbaric splendor and cruelty. Delacroix's technique is freer and painterly; forms are built up with fully loaded brushstrokes, contours are blurred, and the colors are broken.

Answer 51

Black Lines by Vasili Kandinsky organized the group Der Blaue Reiter, which sought to eliminate subject matter and employ a nonrepresentational style to communicate a formal language of line, form, and color. Kandinsky's intense arbitrary colors and wavering lines link it to Fauvism, which employed the same bright colors and mystical themes. Miró's painting Carnival of the Harlequin offered a Surrealist view of the famous painting Las Meninas, by Velasquez. Miró created a fantasy world of colorful, nameless abstract forms that participated in a swirling universe of lighthearted play and movement.

Answer 52

Cassatt was an American ex-patriot artist who became a member of the Impressionist movement after Degas invited her to show with the group. Cassatt offered a woman's viewpoint of modern life and employed bold, simplified forms and broad areas of color, which reflected the influence of Japanese prints. Morisot was a founding member of the Impressionist group and, like Cassatt, depicted the social and private world of modern women. She took up open-air painting and began exhibiting successfully in official Salon, nine of which were in the first Impressionist exhibit. Morisot remained a dedicated member of the group for the rest of her life.

Answer 53

Responses will vary depending on the selection of artwork. Broadly, Expressionism arose as artists came to believe that the fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feelings toward the world. The movement developed in Germany where the expressive idea had its greatest influence. Two Expressionist groups that emerged were Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter. The former's intense arbitrary colors and wavering lines link it to Fauvism and Munch; the latter was organized by Vasili Kandinsky, who employed the same bright colors and mystical themes. Die Brücke believed that through their art they would build a bridge to an enlightened future, whereas Der Blaue Reiter sought to eliminate subject matter and employ a nonrepresentational style to communicate a formal language of line, form, and color.

Answer 54

Responses will vary depending on selections. Consider Picasso's Cubism, which abstracted the forms of the visible world into fragments drawn from multiple points of view; Futurism, an Italian movement that expressed motion as the new glory of the 20th century, as evident in Boccioni's sculpture; and Dada, which had the most lasting impact on American art with Marcel Duchamp's "ready-mades" that probed the border between art and life. The art of the early 20th century reflected the bold advances into uncharted territory, against the resistance of conservative forces.