1. Alessandro Volta had begun his work in the 1830s by suspending zinc in zinc sulfate and platinum in nitric acid.
2. The Grove battery had a blotter soaked with salt water (later sodium nitrate) between a silver electrode and a zinc electrode with the two electrodes connected by wire.
3. In the contact theory, electricity is produced when chemical reactions occur, preferably spontaneously.
4. The market for electricity through most of the 20th century was in two things: heavy work and lighting.
5. At the turn of the century, Walther Nernst went from the liquid acid and molten alkali electrolytes to a solid electrolyte.
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