Criminal Justice - Core Introductory

Well-governed prisons are impossible due to the nature of the clientele.

Most serious violent juvenile offenders are male and from a racial minority.

Defendants convicted of violent offenses and sentenced to lengthy prison terms are less likely to win on appeal than those convicted of less serious offenses

4

A type of sanction that has increased substantially in the last 30 years, which involves the governmental seizure of property and other assets derived from criminal activity, is known as:

5

Since the 1990's the number of violent crimes in the United States has significantly _______________.

6

An offender who presents belated evidence of innocence is entitled to a new hearing in a federal court before execution

7

Match the author in Column 1 with the book title in Column 2

8

The U.S. Supreme Court has established that eavesdropping and other forms of audio surveillance may be conducted in public places without a warrant

9

Under critical criminal justice, the criminal justice system is viewed as a means of controlling the poor

10

List potential reasons for the increase in the jail incarceration rate over the past decade

11

In the _____, a major focus on delinquency prevention programs was to reach out to youth who were unlikely to use community centers

12

Which of the following is stated in the Girls' Bill of Rights developed by Girls Inc?

13

Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

14

What legislation has been enacted in an attempt to curb cybercime?

Every state, and the federal government have developed computer-crime statutes specifically applicable to invasive activities that illegally access stored information.

The 1996 Communications Decency Act (CDA) sought to protect minors from harmful material on the Internet. The CDA has been challenged by the ACLU and other groups. In the 1997 case, Reno v. ACLU, the U.S. Supreme Court found the bulk of the CDA to be unconstitutional, contravening the First Amendment free speech protections.

The Children's Internet Protection Act, (CIPA) requires public and school libraries receiving certain types of federal funding to install pornography filters on their Internet-linked computers. This act has been approved by the Supreme Court.

The 1997 No Electronic Theft Act criminalizes willful infringement of copyrighted works, including by electronic means, even if the offender derives no direct financial benefit from the infringement. The 1999 Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999 increased the amount of damages that could be awarded in copyright infringement cases

The 2002 Cyber Security Enhancement Act deals with the creation of sentencing guidelines for computer criminals

15

Under Strickland v. Washington (1984) a court should assess an ineffective assistance of counsel claim brought by a prisoner in a manner favorable to the trial lawyer

16

Define and explain prisonization.

17

The __________ is the hypothesis that suggests that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes survivors to becoming violent themselves in later life

18

Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution states that the president “shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of __________________.”

19

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court upheld California's "three-strikes" law?

20

The procedural criminal law is promulgated both by legislative bodies, through enactment of statutes, and by the courts, both through judicial decisions and the development of __________

21

Describe each of the three classes of fingerprints. Which class is the most common in the population? Which is least common?

22

Examine the research on testosterone and crime. What is your opinion regarding this topic?

23

Police can arrest a suspect in the suspect's home without a warrant if there are __________ circumstances that would justify such an arrest

24

What is a Diversion?

25

Even if a potential juror feels so strongly about capital punishment that the individual could not give an impartial verdict, that individual must still serve on the jury

26

Acts that are similar to terrorism, but that lack its ideological motivation, would be classified as which of the following?

27

_________ validation involves the use of multiple methods to measure multiple traits

28

CASE 4.1

in Criminal Justice

Beginning around 1890, members of the Progressive movement advocated a variety of political, economic, and social reforms. They were genuinely concerned about the economic disparities, social disorders, and excesses of industrialization, particularly as they affected children. Progressives denounced the evils of child labor and pushed for legislation banning the practice. They were likewise appalled by the violent and exploitive conditions of reform schools. The fact that orphans were thrown into reform schools for the uncontrollable circumstance of having no parents shocked the Progressives' moral values. Taking up the plight of the children of the urban immigrant poor, they argued that these children were not bad but were corrupted by the environment in which they grew up.
Which doctrine allowed the Progressives to use the juvenile court to help children?

A. res ipsa loquitir
B. stare decisis
C. parens patriae
D. patriae familiae

29

Strain theory has its roots in the concept of _________, which results when social change throws behavioral norms into flux, leading to a weakening of social controls and an increase in deviant behavior

30

What is the difference between "child abuse" and "neglect"? Please explain

Answers may include the following points:
• Neglect: A disregard for the physical, emotional, or moral needs of children. Child neglect involves the failure of the parent or caregiver to provide nutritious food, adequate clothing and sleeping arrangements, essential medical care, sufficient supervision, access to education, and normal experiences that produce feelings of being loved, wanted, secure, and worthy.
• Child abuse: The mistreatment of children by parents or caregivers. Physical abuse is intentional behavior directed toward a child by the parent or caregiver to cause pain, injury, or death. Emotional abuse involves a disregard of a child's psychological needs. Sexual abuse is any intentional and wrongful physical contact with a child that entails a sexual purpose or component, and such sexual abuse is termed incest when the perpetrator is a member of the child's family.

31

In Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that a child has _____ rights, such as the right to have an attorney present

32

Which offenses contributed to the most significant increase in the number of prison inmates?

33

Explain how white-collar crime and green-collar crime are linked

34

In _____ England passed legislation, known as the Children Act, which mandated young offenders to be treated differently from adult offenders

35

What is a breach of the peace? Is a breach of the peace defined and treated in the same way from one state to the next throughout the country? Do all jurisdictions today prohibit breaches of the peace in some form by statute? Identify at least four statutory crimes that are breaches of the peace.

36

Which level detainee may not include any detainee with a felony conviction that included an act of physical violence?

37

A temporary confinement jail that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and correctional personnel is known as a new __________________ jail

38

Discuss left realism and its emphasis of peacemaking criminology

39

Instead of relying on the offense alone to identify the highestrisk juvenile offenders, other factors in the juvenile's history should be considered. Which of the following is NOT one of these important factors?

40

Explain the purposes of closing arguments

41

List and discuss John Irwin's four categories of inmate behavior. Professional criminals adapt to prison by "doing time.". They follow the rules and

42

All states had probation programs by 1920

43

What type of bond bases release on the defendant's signature with a promise to return for trial?

44

What is an advantage to using a private prison?

45

When studying serial killers, criminologists do not find any evidence to indicate that they make rational decisions when choosing victims

46

In treating an offender who requires medication to control a mental disorder, which of the following professionals would be legally qualified to administer such a medication?

47

Twin studies and adoption studies provide no evidence that delinquent-producing traits may be inherited

48

The most popular dog for use by K-9 units is the Belgian Malinois

49

Glass is a hard, amorphous material made by melting silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, and sodium oxide at very high temperatures

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Criminal Justice - Core Introductory

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