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Quiz of Health & Biomechanics - Immunology
1
The amount of antibody present in the blood is termed the antibody ________.
in
Health & Biomechanics
titer
effector
affinity
isotype
specificity
immunology
titer
2
Which of the following statements concerning the secondary response is true?
in
Health & Biomechanics
The secondary immune response is stronger than the primary immune response due to the increased production of IgM antibody from plasma cells.
In order to stimulate an immune reaction, the secondary immune response requires a higher concentration of antigen than the primary immune response.
The secondary response results in production of antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen.
The secondary immune response is slower than the primary immune response.
immunology
The secondary response results in production of antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen.
3
Which of the following most accurately describes how a pathogenic bacterium might be affected by antibodies?
in
Health & Biomechanics
a. The antibodies may stick to multiple bacteria, causing agglutination.
b. The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host.
c. The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
d. The antibodies may coat the surface of the bacteria (opsonization), allowing for it to be tagged for phagocytosis.
immunology
The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
4
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
in
Health & Biomechanics
a. Plasma cells are phagocytes.
b. Plasma cells activate the complement system.
c. Plasma cells produce antibodies.
d. Plasma cells neutralize toxins.
e. Plasma cells engulf viruses.
immunology
Plasma cells produce antibodies.
5
Which of the following scenarios would result in long-term immunity? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer
in
Health & Biomechanics
An otherwise healthy individual developing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus following a case of mononucleosis
A healthy individual receiving an MMR vaccination
A newborn receiving protective IgA anti-pertussis antibodies through her mother's breastmilk
Administration of an anti-tetanospasmin antitoxin after stepping on a rusted nail
immunology
An otherwise healthy individual developing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus following a case of mononucleosis
A healthy individual receiving an MMR vaccination
6
What makes agglutination by antibodies possible?
in
Health & Biomechanics
a. Antibodies can inactivate toxins.
b. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells.
c. Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites.
d. Antibodies can recognize bacteria as well as viruses.
immunology
Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites.
7
In contrast to a primary immune response, immunological memory
in
Health & Biomechanics
generates antibodies with enhanced affinity for its antigen.
provides a rapid reactivation of humoral responses only by generating higher antibody titers and antibodies with increased affinity for its antigen.
provides a rapid reactivation of both cellular and humoral responses.
generates higher antibody titers.
immunology
provides a rapid reactivation of both cellular and humoral responses including generating higher antibody titers and antibodies with increased affinity for its antigen.
provides a rapid reactivation of both cellular and humoral responses including generating higher antibody titers and antibodies with increased affinity for its antigen.
8
Which is not a step in the process of B cell activation by a T-dependent antigen?
in
Health & Biomechanics
processing and displaying the antigen with MHC II on the B cell
interaction between co-stimulatory proteins on the B and T cells
binding of the antigen to the B cell receptor
release of cytokines by the T helper cell provide the second activation signal for the B cell
binding of the antigen to a T helper cell receptor
immunology
binding of the antigen to a T helper cell receptor
9
T-independent antigens
in
Health & Biomechanics
are usually proteins.
are able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell.
may be polysaccharides or proteins, and are not able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell.
are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell.
are usually polysaccharides.
immunology
are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell.
10
Antibodies do all the following except
in
Health & Biomechanics
activate the complement cascade.
neutralize antigens to prevent binding to host cells.
increase phagocytosis by agglutination of antigens.
activate killing by T cytotoxic cells.
increase phagocytosis by opsonization.
immunology
activate killing by T cytotoxic cells.
11
What is the role of MHC I in the immune response?
in
Health & Biomechanics
MHC I is found only on antigen-presenting cells.
MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells.
MHC I is found only on antigen-presenting cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells.
MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells.
MHC I presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells.
immunology
MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells.
12
The cellular branch of adaptive immunity
in
Health & Biomechanics
does not involve a memory function.
is based on the activity of both T and B cells.
is organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells.
is based on antibody production.
is organized by T cytotoxic cells and carried out by T helper cells.
immunology
is organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells.
13
Which statement is not true about MHC II?
in
Health & Biomechanics
When bound to antigen, MHC II serves a key role in activation of the appropriate T cells.
MHC II interacts with the CD4 receptor on T helper cells.
MHC II primarily displays extracellular antigens which have been phagocytized.
MHC II is present only on antigen-presenting cells.
MHC II interacts with both the CD4 and CD8 receptors on T helper and T cytotoxic cells.
immunology
MHC II interacts with both the CD4 and CD8 receptors on T helper and T cytotoxic cells.
14
What is the role of memory cells?
in
Health & Biomechanics
provide immune protection specifically for central nervous system
remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen
suppress the cellular response once the infection has passed
circulate in the body at elevated levels to maintain an active attack against any possible pathogen
prevent an immune response against members of the normal microbiota
immunology
remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen
15
The difference between T cell activation by normal antigens and T cell activation by superantigens is that superantigens
in
Health & Biomechanics
cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen and suppress cytokine release.
are not processed and presented by APCs and cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen.
are not processed and presented by APCs.
cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen.
suppress cytokine release.
immunology
are not processed and presented by APCs and cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen.
16
T helper cells release _____ to activate B cells.
in
Health & Biomechanics
cytokines
MHC I
MHC II
antibodies
immunology
cytokines
17
Choose the false statement.
in
Health & Biomechanics
T cytotoxic cells directly combat antigens.
Antibodies activate classical complement cascades.
B cells usually require T cells for full activation.
T helper cells directly combat antigens.
immunology
T helper cells directly combat antigens.
18
What type of antigen typically binds to MHC I to present an MCH I-antigen complex?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Extracellular antigen
Exogenous antigen
Phagocytized bacterial proteins
Intracellular antigen
immunology
intracellular antigen
19
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding T cytotoxic cell antigen elimination?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Released interferons by cancer cells or infected cells increases production of MHC II, increasing the likelihood that cytotoxic T cells will "seek and destroy" these cells.
Once the threat has been detected by the T cell receptor, the cytotoxic T cell releases perforins that form pores in the target cell and granzymes, which enter through pores to trigger apoptosis.
Interferons released by infected or cancer cells attract and activate cytotoxic T cells, while cytokines released by the cytotoxic T cells attract natural killer cells and macrophages.
Following apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells clear the dead cells.
immunology
Once the threat has been detected by the T cell receptor, the cytotoxic T cell releases perforins that form pores in the target cell and granzymes, which enter through pores to trigger apoptosis.
Interferons released by infected or cancer cells attract and activate cytotoxic T cells, while cytokines released by the cytotoxic T cells attract natural killer cells and macrophages.
Following apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells clear the dead cells.
20
Antibodies are secreted from which type of cell?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Plasma cells
T cytotoxic cells
T helper cells
Dendritic cells
immunology
plasma cells
21
Choose the false statement about immune responses.
in
Health & Biomechanics
Adaptive immune responses are always the same, regardless of the threat encountered, while innate immune responses are not.
Adaptive immunity has a memory component, while innate immunity does not.
Adaptive immunity is specific to a particular antigen, while innate immunity is not.
Adaptive immunity takes longer to respond than innate immunity.
immunology
Adaptive immune responses are always the same, regardless of the threat encountered, while innate immune responses are not.
22
Which type of cell directly binds an antigen, rather than requiring an antigen-presenting cell to first process the antigen?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Dendritic cells
T cytotoxic cells
T helper cells
B cells
immunology
B cells
23
Which branch of the immune system produces antibodies?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Adaptive humoral response
Adaptive cellular response
Innate molecular response
Innate cellular response
immunology
Adaptive humoral response
24
Place the stages of adaptive immunity in order from first to last.
in
Health & Biomechanics
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).I. Antigen elimination and memory
II. Lymphocyte activation
III. Antigen presentation
IV. Lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
II, III, IV, I
III, II, IV, I
III, IV, II, I
IV, III, II, I
immunology
III, II, IV, I
25
Which statement provides the best explanation of the need for self-tolerance screening of lymphocytes?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Lymphocytes which would attack the body's own tissues are never generated.
The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a random process that could produce receptors which will bind to the body's own tissues.
The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a highly-controlled process, so the generation of receptors which can bind to the body's own tissues is a rare occurrence due to a genetic mutation.
Self-tolerance involves "self" lymphocytes which bind to and form a protective layer over all body tissues.
It is necessary to have some lymphocytes with receptors that are self-tolerant to respond to intracellular infections by viruses.
immunology
The process which generates the vast array of diverse antigen receptors is a random process that could produce receptors which will bind to the body's own tissues.
26
What is the role of B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) in the immune response?
in
Health & Biomechanics
to release chemicals which destroy pathogens
to recognize specific epitopes of an antigen
to combine with haptens so they can stimulate an immune response
to release the cytokines needs for immune cell stimulation
to communicate with lymphocytes and other white blood cells
immunology
to recognize specific epitopes of an antigen
27
Which T cell class is incorrectly matched with its description?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Treg: ensures that immune responses subside once a threat subsides
TH: identified by the CD4 proteins on the cell surface
TH2: stimulate B cells to make antibodies
TH1: stimulate TC cells
TC: attack other T cells during self-tolerance screening
immunology
TC: attack other T cells during self-tolerance screening
28
What is an antigen?
in
Health & Biomechanics
A molecule made by plasma cells
A cell that remains in the lymphatic tissues to rapidly recognize pathogens in a subsequent exposure
A cell that organizes the cellular and humoral branches of adaptive immunity
Any molecule that, when presented in the right context, will stimulate an immune response
immunology
Any molecule that, when presented in the right context, will stimulate an immune response
29
A substance that may trigger an immune response, if presented in the right context is termed a(n)
in
Health & Biomechanics
hapten.
antibody.
effector.
cytokine.
antigen.
immunology
antigen
30
How is the immune system able to recognize a limitless number of different antigens and epitopes?
in
Health & Biomechanics
If a lymphocyte encounters an antigen it does not recognize, it immediately switches receptors until it finds one that is a match.
Each lymphocyte is coated with many different receptors, each of which recognizes a different epitope AND the immune system produces a wide variety of lymphocytes.
While each lymphocyte carries receptors that recognize only one type of epitope, the immune system produces a wide variety of lymphocytes each of which carries unique receptors.
A genetic "memory" of the pathogens your parents encountered (and their parents and so on) is passed on to each generation, increasing the number of possible responses over time.
Each lymphocyte is coated with many different receptors, each of which recognizes a different epitope.
immunology
While each lymphocyte carries receptors that recognize only one type of epitope, the immune system produces a wide variety of lymphocytes each of which carries unique receptors.
31
Which of the following statements regarding B lymphocytes is/are true?
in
Health & Biomechanics
B lymphocytes carry out cell-mediated immunity.
B lymphocytes are both produced and mature in the bone marrow.
Once activated, B lymphocytes have the ability to produce antibodies.
B lymphocytes are found in high concentration at various sites throughout the body, including the lymphatic system and the bloodstream.
immunology
B lymphocytes are both produced and mature in the bone marrow.
Once activated, B lymphocytes have the ability to produce antibodies.
32
Which of the following statements accurately differentiates the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system has the ability to distinguish self from foreign antigens.
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system includes both a cellular and humoral response.
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is able to respond immediately to a pathogen.
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is characterized by memory and specificity.
immunology
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system includes both a cellular and humoral response.
Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is characterized by memory and specificity.
33
Which of the following statements describes the purpose of gene shuffling?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Gene shuffling generates an enormous repertoire of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development.
Gene shuffling eliminates lymphocyte clones that respond to autoantigens.
Gene shuffling allows an individual to switch from producing IgM antibody to IgG antibody.
Gene shuffling allows for propagation of a specific lymphocyte whose receptor corresponds to the invading antigen.
immunology
Gene shuffling generates an enormous repertoire of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development.
34
The branches of adaptive immunity are
in
Health & Biomechanics
the cellular response and the humoral response.
the humoral response and the memory response.
the antigen response and the memory response.
the cellular response and the memory response.
the cellular response, the humoral response, and the memory response.
immunology
the cellular response and humoral resonse
35
All the following apply to B cells except
in
Health & Biomechanics
coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies.
play a critical role in both the cellular and humoral responses.
originate in the bone marrow.
mature in the bone marrow.
reside in the lymphoid tissue.
immunology
play a critical role in both the cellular and humoral responses.
36
All the following apply to T cells except
in
Health & Biomechanics
reside in the lymphoid tissue.
have the capacity to recognize virtually any type of antigen.
originate in the bone marrow.
mature in the thymus.
coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies.
immunology
coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies.
37
How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days?
in
Health & Biomechanics
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.
T cells can also produce antibodies.
Each plasma cell can proliferate into more plasma cells.
Memory B cells can also produce antibodies.
immunology
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.
38
Natural killer cells are activated by
in
Health & Biomechanics
TH1 cells.
antigen-presenting cells.
bacterial cells.
TH2 cells.
immunology
TH1 cells.
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