ANS: Norm-referenced measures have certain advantages; they compare young children to other children of the same age for eligibility purposes, report reliability and validity information, and usually can be administered in a short period of time. A disadvantage of norm-referenced assessment measures, particularly for children with delays or disabilities, is that the administration of norm-referenced tests usually takes place in unfamiliar settings rather than the natural environment. Another problem is the lack of useful information that norm-referenced tests provide for determining functional, appropriate outcomes. Further, norm-referenced measures often are biased against children with delays or disabilities and children from culturally or linguistically diverse backgrounds.