(1) Based on twin and adoption studies, David Rowe argued that the evidence for child-rearing effects on intelligence, personality variables, and some behaviors was modest at best. Instead, these characteristics show a strong genetic influence.
(2) Sandra Scarr said that ordinary differences between families have little effect on children’s development.
(3) Judith Rich Harris claimed that peers were more influential than parents in affecting child development.
(4) David Cohen claimed that parents cannot take responsibility for their children’s successes but neither should they be blamed if the child goes astray.