Slave rebellions were more frequent and more successful where the population of slaves outnumbered whites, where wilderness refuges were available, where a substantial free mixed-race existed, and where the white population was divided by politics and economics.
Micajah Pratt was a major figure in process of displacing masters from the production of shoes in Lynn by building huge central shops supplied by an army of outworkers from the surrounding villages and farms.
Middle-class" farmers of the antebellum Northwest separated themselves from the majority of lower class farmers by using expensive labor-saving machinery and scientific farming techniques.
To offset the "three-fifths" clause that over-represented slave owners in the House of Representatives, the framers insisted that a Bill of Rights be included in the Constitution.
For factory workers of the industrial northeast, "free labor" meant the freedom of labor to organize and strike, the solidarity of the trade union movement, and the assertion of their rights against the power of capital.
For rural folk suffering from the capitalist transformation of America, the Second Great Awakening meant abandoning notions of Providence and patriarchy that no longer seemed to reflect God's will.
In the aftermath of the Panics of 1837 and 1839, many Southwestern planters in were able to repudiate their debts by transporting their slaves across the border into Texas.
For the new middle class of the antebellum North the public world of politics and commerce was the proper sphere for men, while women were to exercise new kinds of moral influence as child-rearers within the home.
Workingman's Party support for Jacksonian democracy was rooted in the naive belief that restoring "republican ideals" would protect workers from the concentration and centralization of capital and the proletarianization of labor.
The wave of Irish and German emigrants were welcomed by native-born workers who understood that their own upward mobility was enhanced by a multitude of easily exploited, foreign-born laborers.
Minstrel shows not only forged a common "whiteness" out of working-class ethnic diversity, they allowed American workers to express their ambivalence about the process of proletarianization to which they were being subjected.
In order to fund the national debt, Hamilton proposed a land tax on the holdings of wealthy landowners and an income tax on the revenues of wealthy merchants.
Demand for food, clothing, and tools by southern plantations stimulated rapid capitalist development in the South, which by the 1850s threatened slavery itself.
Faced with widespread labor unrest such as the New York Lockout of 1836, striking textile workers in Lowell in 1834 and 1836, and a general strike in Philadelphia in 1835, capitalist employers abandoned their opposition to trade unions.
The labor movement in antebellum America suffered from the fact that proletarianization seemingly affected only urban, big-city labor not the rural, small-town majority of the nation's population.
For defenders of states rights such as John C. Calhoun, states that had created the Union, had the right to secede from it and the right to nullify federal laws within their own borders.
When artisan shoemakers of Lynn spoke of "equal rights" they meant a "wage bill" to prevent employer "parasites" from cheating them out of their "fair share" of their own production.
In order to insure the legitimacy of the Constitution, its supporters were concerned that the ratification process be carried out slowly and deliberately in order that the will of the majority would prevail.
As a result of paternalist ideology the southern master class viewed slaves as members of a plantation family and lessened the systematic exploitation of enslaved labor.
The second B. U. S. ensured safe and steady economic growth, but was a "rich man's club" whose policies favored the already rich and politically connected.
For industrial workers in antebellum manufacturing centers, "free labor" meant organizing trade unions to create a new economic independence and a new moral community
During the "Bank Wars" Northeastern banks and holders of slave-based bonds were able to persuade Southwestern state legislatures to honor their pledges to guarantee the obligations of their state banks at taxpayer expense..
According to capitalist "free labor" ideology, wage labor cannot be "wage slavery" since wage laborers possess legal equality with their employers, freedom of conscience, the right to a home and family, and the opportunity for upward mobility.
Elected Mayor of Lynn on the basis of strong working-class support, George Hood used democratic politics to deflect worker demands for "equal rights" away from a critique of capitalist production as a whole and onto single issues and minor reforms.
"Speed up" and "stretch-out" were techniques used by Lowell textile manufacturers to make operatives more productive as "premiums" paid to workers began to increase dramatically in the 1830s.
The economic crashes of 1819-22, 1837-43, and 1857-9 were caused by excessive government regulation of the economy and excessively high wages demanded by organized workers.
In order to insure that wealthy speculators be paid full face value for their revolutionary war bonds, Hamilton proposed the federal government assume the debts of the states as part of the national debt.
The Erie Canal inaugurated a capitalist transformation of the United States by creating a huge domestic market connecting the Northwest and the Northeast.