In testing if promotions (binary) Pi have an effect on sales, Si with a null hypothesis that the average treatment effect is zero, the null hypothesis could be written as:
Individual "A" produces 10 offspring, 8 of whom survive to adulthood. Individual "B" (a member of the same population) produces 15 offspring, 7 which survive to adulthood. Based on the concept of natural selection, individual "A" has the higher fitness.
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