By regional economic integration we mean agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other.
Some examples of regional economic integration include the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect in December 1992. By creating a single market, NAFTA aimed to lower the price for goods and services in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. On January 1, 1993, the European Union formally removed many barriers to doing business across borders within the EU in an attempt to create a single market with 340 million consumers. There are also active attempts at regional economic integration in Central America, the Andean region of South America, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa.
Such a policy is good for consumers, because it lowers prices, but it may present challenges to some producers who have to adapt to a more competitive environment. The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of regional trade blocs that promote regional economic integration. World Trade Organization (WTO) members are required to notify the WTO of any regional trade agreements in which they participate. By 2010, nearly all of the WTO's members had notified the organization of participation in one or more regional trade agreements.