summer21

1

Vygotsky's theory of development a. states that children learn through social interactions by means of their culture

2

Child care and guidance practices have not changed dramatically through the years

3

Vygotsky believed that a. children develop primarily as a result of their interaction with adults

4

Robert Carkhuff and George Gazda

5

Alfred Adler's guidelines include which of the following principles?

6

School-aged children are not yet able to comprehend their own interests and intentions

7

Stranger and separation anxiety can be expected to peak in all babies and young toddlers and to disappear by age three

8

Toddlers function primarily by impulse, playing with whatever catches their eye for the moment

9

Separation anxiety is a(n) a. expression of apprehension when separated from a primary caregiver. b. phenomenon that usually peaks in young toddlers

10

A valid reason to compare a child's rate of development to standard rates is to a. be alert to any patterns of development that indicate a need for special help or professional screening. b. help the parents feel good about themselves and their quality of parenting

11

Which of the following is not typical of the preoperational period? a. The period begins with the achievement of object permanence

12

In Erik Erikson's second psychosocial stage, autonomy versus shame and doubt, toddlers should a. begin to discover that their behavior is always controlled by others

13

Preschoolers cannot understand or follow rules

14

A critical priority for adults caring for toddlers should be a. teaching them letters and numbers

15

Cause-and-effect relationships become a focal point for toddler exploration and learning

16

Preschoolers can be helped to express strong emotions or feelings of anger through appropriate words

17

Infants benefit from a balance between predictable routines and flexible responses

18

Which of the following is an example of an anecdotal description?

in Education

a. Jenny tentatively wanders into the block center and fingers blocks on the shelf; Jamal enters, speaks to Jenny, and hands her a long block; Jamal animatedly talks as he begins building a block structure; Jenny watches intently, then begins stacking blocks that are all the same size.
b. 8:00 a.m., block center empty; 8:15 a.m., one girl in block center; 8:30 a.m., four boys in block center; 9:00 a.m., three boys and one girl in block center; 9:15 a.m., three boys in block center
c. Jeremy bit his lip as he focused on placing the block on the top of his 2-foot-high tower. He paused, looked around, dragged a chair over, and climbed on top with a block in each hand. He then carefully balanced the first block on the top of the tower and grimaced as he slowly added the last block.
d. Maria complained to teacher that Ally had taken her pencil, 8:28 a.m.; Maria complained to teacher that her chair was wobbly, 8:43 a.m.; Maria asked teacher to make Sam stop bothering her, 9:04 a.m.; Maria approached teacher and requested help opening her juice box, 9:20 a.m.; Maria cried and asked teacher to make Ally stop bothering her.
e. Wet diaper—X X X X; dirty diaper—; milk bottle—X X ; juice bottle—; solid food—X X; nap—X

19

An anecdotal record is a detailed account of a specific episode

20

A running account is a narrative that records the frequency and severity of a specific behavior

21

The only reason for observation is for program quality improvement

22

Which of the following is an example of a narrative description?

in Education

a. Jenny tentatively wanders into the block center and fingers blocks on the shelf; Jamal enters, speaks to Jenny, and hands her a long block; Jamal animatedly talks as he begins building a block structure; Jenny watches intently, then begins stacking blocks that are all the same size.
b. 8:00 a.m., block center empty; 8:15 a.m., one girl in block center; 8:30 a.m., four boys in block center; 9:00 a.m., three boys and one girl in block center; 9:15 a.m., three boys in block center
c. Jeremy bit his lip as he focused on placing the block on the top of his 2-foot-high tower. He paused, looked around, dragged a chair over, and climbed on top with a block in each hand. He then carefully balanced the first block on the top of the tower and grimaced as he slowly added the last block.
d. Maria complained to teacher that Ally had taken her pencil, 8:28 a.m.; Maria complained to teacher that her chair was wobbly, 8:43 a.m.; Maria asked teacher to make Sam stop bothering her, 9:04 a.m.; Maria approached teacher and requested help opening her juice box, 9:20 a.m.; Maria cried and asked teacher to make Ally stop bothering her.
e. Wet diaper—X X X X; dirty diaper—; milk bottle—X X; juice bottle—; solid food—X X; nap—X

23

When we think about culture, we should first think about

24

Developmentally appropriate environments provide a. materials that encourage movement

25

Effective early childhood environments always have holiday decorations, pictures, posters, signs, crafts, and parents' notices covering the walls, and special rugs covering the floors with numbers, letters, and game patterns in bright colors

26

The nurturing adult is all of the following except a. quick to provide gushing praise for every positive behavior. b. an honest person

27

To promote prosocial behavior a. model prosocial behavior

28

To improve transition times, preschoolers should be trained to stand quietly in straight lines and to walk silently from area to area without making a sound

29

A critical issue of playground design is a. the location of the water fountain. b. bright colors

30

Young children who fear their own basic needs may not be met a. will develop a high level of autonomy

31

Children are naturally inclined to resist when confronted with a sudden, unexpected demand that they change a long-standing behavior

32

Research tells us that physically punishing children is an appropriate and effective method of discipline

33

How can you promote prosocial behavior? a. Model prosocial behavior. b. Assign simple chores

34

Adults should never tolerate a young child "telling" on another child who has misbehaved

35

A cooperative, caring, and generous atmosphere among young children evolves when children know any inappropriate behavior will quickly bring punishment from adults

36

Children internalize the character attributes and ethical standards of the important role models in their lives

37

Moral reasoning helps adults evaluate the appropriateness of children's behaviors

38

Attachment, love, and respect for an adult hinder the child's internalization of that adult's values

39

Positive child guidance focuses on the child's ability level, the severity and intent of the behavior, and possible reasons for the behavior

40

Shocked reactions from adults and laughter from other children will keep children from using inappropriate bathroom language in public

41

Moral development is the process by which human beings learn to monitor their own actions, decide whether a tempting behavior is "good" or "bad," and inhibit inappropriate impulses

42

Which of the following is not true concerning Carol Gilligan's research? a. The male approach to morality assumes that individuals have certain basic rights and that one must respect the rights of others, so morality imposes restrictions on what one can do. b. Gilligan summarizes her perspective by saying that male morality assumes a morality orientation

43

Moral reasoning is the thinking that guides children in deciding what is right or wrong

44

When children evidence a compulsive and chronic pattern of very inappropriate or self-destructive behavior, the behavior can be termed dysfunctional

45

Nurturing and affectionate caregivers and consistency in explaining reasons for rules help children internalize values

46

When something very unpleasant must be done, adults should do all of the following except a. insist that the child agree to cooperate or suffer the consequences

47

Adult statements that are examples of positive guidance include which of the following?

48

Which of the following is not an effective way to respond to misbehavior a. Determine the cause of the misbehavior so it can be addressed

49

Which of the following is not a guideline for teaching positive behavior? a. Rely on persistence and patience rather than force

50

Behaviors in school-aged children that are dangerous should be discreetly redirected by a responsible adult

51

All of the following are appropriate child guidance strategies except a. assuring the child that he or she is valued even if the child's behavior is unacceptable. b. giving warmth and friendliness without qualifications

52

Concrete operational children are helped to understand and remember ground rules through role-play, repetition, and discussion

53

Not being firm enough is just as damaging to children as being too firm

54

Appropriate ways for an adult to help the child learn to predict natural consequences include which of the following? a. "If you touch the stove, I will send you to your room."

55

The development of compliance and cooperativeness hinges on children feeling dignity and respect

56

Which of the following is not a useful guideline for effective child guidance?

57

Self-esteem has been identified as a characteristic that seems closely tied to school success and social adjustment

58

Children who regularly indulge in tantrums need to know that a. they will be ignored

59

Self-esteem has been identified as a characteristic that seems closely tied to a. school success

60

Valuing individual children as lovable, capable, and worthwhile a. risks spoiling them

61

Adults must earn children's trust through unfailing playfulness and indulgence

62

Children who are clowning should be given positive opportunities for responsibility and leadership, and chances to entertain others in appropriate ways

63

The process by which children develop positive self-esteem begins a. from birth

64

Guidance a. builds self-esteem

65

A child's feelings of listlessness, ineptness, and hopelessness can be caused by

66

The destructive or aggressive child must know that he or she will be punished

67

We need to allow clowning so that a child can a. use opportunities

68

As four-year-olds gradually learn to monitor their own actions, they should be able to a. decide whether or not tattling is ethical

69

Adult-centered definitions of misbehavior focus on the effect a child's behavior has on the child's development toward adulthood

70

Adults can support the development of morality in young children by all of the following except a. assuring that children feel doubt and shame when they misbehave

71

Removing a child from the scene of a conflict is useful because it allows a cooling-off period, removes temptation, and provides more privacy for resolving the problem

72

A child has achieved morality if he or she can distinguish right from wrong, even if the child is not yet able to act accordingly

73

The word inappropriate suggests fault or blame

74

Dysfunctional behavior includes all of the following except a. self-destructive behavior

75

Which of the following is not true of children in Kohlberg's second stage of morality? a. Children gradually develop self-control and learn how to get along with others. b. Children's level is referred to as semiconventional morality

76

Effective child guidance is best supported by adults who a. insist on perfection

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